Data Structures Through C In Depth By S K Srivastava 1635 [EXCLUSIVE]
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The hemispherical reflectance spectra of black silicon micro-nano hybrid structures obtained for different tips size structures. (a) The reflectance results of the five samples with #1 depth size, (b) the reflectance results of the five samples with #2 depth size, (c) the reflectance results of the five samples with #3 depth size, and (d) the reflectance results of the five samples with #4 depth size.
The hemispherical reflectance spectra of the black silicon micro-nano hybrid structures obtained for the different pits size structures. (a) The reflectance results of the five samples with #5 depth size, (b) the reflectance results of the five samples with #6 depth size, (c) the reflectance results of the five samples with #7 depth size, and (d) the reflectance results of the five samples with #8 depth size.
As shown in Figure 11a, the sample with a distance of 400 μm and a depth of 48 μm exhibited the highest absorption efficiency among the tip samples, and the sample with a distance of 100 μm and a depth of 24 μm exhibited the lowest absorption efficiency among the tip samples. The efficiency of tip samples increased firstly and then decreased as the distance changes. This was because too short of a distance would cause the nanostructures to hardly grow on the plates between the two tips and too long of a distance would decrease the number of tips, which would reduce the absorption efficiency. In general, the efficiency of the tip samples with a high depth was higher than those with a low depth since a deeper trench denoted a darker screen. The highest efficiency of the samples exceeded the lowest efficiency of the samples by almost 6.5%. As shown in Figure 11b, it seems like a line. However, it has four depths (No. #1 to No. #4) lines and 20 points because d1 remains the same value, one that is different from Figure 11d. However, the maximum and minimum values of different sizes can be found in Figure 11b. The range was more than 6%.
The absorption efficiency of the micro-nano hybrid structures obtained for different tip and pit sizes. (a) The relational graph between the efficiency and diameter of the tips (first designed trench size) and (b) the relational graph between the efficiency and depth of the tips (first designed trench size). (c) The relational graph between the efficiency and diameter of the pits (first designed trench size) and (d) the relational graph between the efficiency and depth of the pits (first designed trench size).
The possible biological applications of laser-based cell surgery devices are broad. High-throughput laser-based surgical methods, such as BLAST, are now able to deliver ultralarge cargoes into relatively cells in a minimally invasive manner that was not previously possible with other methods41,67. For example, the delivery of mitochondria for the study of diseases caused by mutated mitochondrial DNA, the delivery of whole chromosomes for cell engineering, and the delivery of intracellular pathogens for the study of pathogenesis all become possible. Due to the massively parallel and near-simultaneous nature of delivery achieved by methods such as BLAST67, a single chip can be used to conduct experiments and generate enough data for statistical analysis. Researchers will be able to observe large numbers of infected cells over time to examine phenomena such as bacterial localization and intracellular proliferation due to the ability to transfer bacteria into 100,000 host cells at a time. Such studies are practically difficult to perform using standard pipette-based delivery systems, as they do not provide the throughput required for accurate statistical analysis, and rapid events do not benefit from synchronization due to coinfection.
Threshold binary is a widely adopted segmentation method to obtain distinct boundaries of targeted objects, where sampled features are binarized into bright spots or black backgrounds in terms of a threshold value. To smooth the sampled images, Gauss80, Median129, Wiener130, and Hilbert filters131 were adopted before the segmentation process. Thereafter, cell contours can be highlighted with edge detectors, such as the Canny edge detector80 and the Sobel operator132. Cells or other biological targets are normally covered by other devices and similar objects. Direct segmentation with a constant threshold value can hardly distinguish them from one another and may erase target boundaries near similar targets. Therefore, some adaptive thresholding processes were proposed that utilize identification factors to adjust the threshold value of each image. The hue, saturation and value (HSV) range value is proposed to divide the region of interest into four ranges, and the specific threshold value can be obtained by applying these values on the HSV plane image19, as shown in Fig. 5a. Figure 5b shows an Otsu thresholding process whose threshold value is derived from the area and roundness of the targets133. The segmented boundary can be used to locate the target object and facilitate manipulation, and the success rate of automated mitochondrial extraction and oocyte enucleation can reach 60%19 and 93.3%133. Notably, these segmentation approaches can extract features only at a fixed imaging depth, and the targeted specimen is assumed to be a regular sphere, whose center is usually localized as an operating position. For targets with irregular morphology, the appropriate operation position should be selected through spatial information134.
Notably, the direct penetration of cell membranes through mechanical structures often results in irreversible cellular damage. Solving this problem requires continuing innovation and the development of micro/nanoneedle fabrication techniques and materials to achieve high delivery efficiency while preventing cellular damage. Furthermore, current single-cell surgery or modification methods are primarily limited by throughput and efficiency. To further expand the use of modified cells for in vivo or clinical applications, which require millions of engineered cells, the throughput of single-cell surgical approaches needs to be significantly increased. Less invasive micromanipulation systems, such as pressure-driven BLAST (Fig. 2h)67 and Mitopunch108, can generate hundreds of modified cells simultaneously.
The process of mapping high-dimensional data to low-dimensional space through projections will inevitably lead to the loss of some original information. The problem that needs to be resolved at present is to obtain useful reduction data from the high-dimensional data set to meet the recognition accuracy and storage requirements under the premise of maintaining the essential characteristics of the original data optimally. However, in many practical situations, the identification and acquisition of effective features are often not so easy. It makes dimension reduction become one of the most important and difficult tasks in the field of pattern recognition, data mining, and machine learning. It has transferred to some important tasks in sugar content prediction [8], DNA microarray [9], and other tasks. As basic research, dimension reduction has also received increasing attention from people. A large number of domestic and foreign researchers have devoted themselves to these fields. The various algorithms proposed by them have solved the problem of information dimension reduction to some extent, but these methods also have deficiencies. Many scholars have proposed new insights which make the research of pattern feature dimension reduction take a big step forward. The following is a discussion of the research progress of dimension reduction in recent years.
Therefore, a number of the improved algorithms based on SFS were proposed. For example, the literature [27] proposed an improved SFS algorithm that aims at the problems of conventional SFS methods: adding features sequentially to the previously evaluated optimal subset until a stop criterion is reached (probably no performance improvement), only consider getting the optimal subset from the previous steps to move on to the next step. The improved algorithm proposes to add a standard, through which the collection can be evaluated in the next step to limit the search. In medical data, there is usually no unique combination of features to provide the best interpretation of the results. This algorithm solves the problem of selecting physiological variables in patients with septic shock and obtains the best performance combination currently. This allows the SFS algorithm to be further enriched and developed.
Here, the principal components are required to reflect as much as possible the information contained in the original data, and these principal components should be independent of each other. In the sense of global minimum reconstruction error, the high-dimensional observation data is transformed into sub-spaces with lower dimensions through projection. The sub-space generated by the Eigen vectors corresponding to the largest eigenvalues of the data covariance matrix is exactly satisfied. Based on the above condition, PCA has perfect theoretical and practical feasibility, but its feasibility is based on the premise that the data is embedded in the global linear or approximately linear low-dimensional space; it largely retains the second-order matrix information in the original data, which is the best and simplest of the original data, but the variance does not fully reflect the amount of information, and the classification information in the original data is not well used, and even the compressed data is not conducive to pattern classification.
As a typical representative of the linear method, the main task of LDA is to convert the original sample through the projection to the best discriminant vector space to play a role in extracting the classification information and reducing the dimension, so that the data samples after projection have the largest interclass distance and the smallest intraclass distance (maximum inter-class scatter matrix and smallest intraclass scatter matrix). 2b1af7f3a8